Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and Tohoku University (Japan) have explained the puzzling phenomenon of particle-antiparticle annihilation in graphene, recognized by specialists as Auger recombination. For a long time, the Auger process was considered to be impossible in graphene due to the energy and momentum conservation laws. The Auger process is harmful for semiconductor lasers, because it consumes the energy that could be used to produce laser light. In Auger recombination (right), this energy is picked up by an electron passing by. In radiative recombination (left), the mutual annihilation of an electron and a hole, shown as blue and red spheres respectively, frees energy in the form of a photon, a portion of light. Time will tell.Image: Two scenarios of electron-hole recombination in graphene. Then again, maybe the economists are wrong. Remember, that’s for just one year.Īt some point, if the majority of economists are correct, the United States will either have to raise taxes dramatically or spend far less than it takes in if the country is to reduce the national debt and avoid economic calamity. Now comes news that in the fiscal year 2021, which ended on September 30th, the United States ran a $2.8 trillion deficit, the second-highest on record. Withholding from paychecks was up $244 billion, suggesting higher wages and salaries in the workforce. You can view the national debt, along with other government spending, by clicking HERE for the U.S.
Today, because both political parties have abandoned any notion of fiscally sound spending, the national debt is quickly approaching $29 trillion. Then, by the 1980s, even Republicans – while giving lip service to concerns about the mounting national debt – spent money the government didn’t have just as freely as the Democrats. While the GOP continued to be a party anchored by fiscal discipline, the Democrats began to move away from that long-held principle and welcomed deficit spending. While the parties disagreed about social public policy, they agreed that the massive national debt accrued to defeat the Nazis and the Japanese had to be paid off to ensure economic stability in the United States.īy the late 1950s, that period of agreement on federal spending had all but vanished. () – There was a time in post-Second World War America when both major political parties – the Republicans and the Democrats – worried about deficit spending (the amount of federal expenditures over and above the amount of federal revenue taken in during any one fiscal year) and the national debt (the total amount of debt on the federal balance sheet).
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